Balancing the Immune Compass: Advances in Targeted Immunomodulators for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases

Mpora Kakwanzi Evelyn

Department of Pharmacognosy Kampala International University Uganda

Email: evelyne.mpora@studwc.kiu.ac.ug

ABSTRACT

Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases arise from dysregulated immune responses against self-antigens or persistent inflammatory triggers. Conventional immunosuppressants, while effective in symptom control, often compromise host defenses and lack disease specificity. Recent breakthroughs in immunology and molecular biology have revolutionized the therapeutic landscape through the development of targeted immunomodulators. These agents—including biologics, small molecule inhibitors, and cell-based therapies—offer precise control of immune signaling pathways, such as cytokine modulation, JAK-STAT inhibition, and T-cell regulation, thereby reducing off-target effects and improving clinical outcomes. This review discusses the pathophysiological basis of immune imbalance in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, evaluates the current arsenal of targeted immunotherapies, and explores emerging technologies including CRISPR-based modulation, tolerogenic vaccines, and regulatory T-cell engineering. It also highlights the challenges of achieving long-term remission, mitigating immunogenicity, and integrating personalized approaches. By balancing immune suppression with immune tolerance, these innovative strategies hold the potential to redefine the management of chronic immune-mediated diseases.

Keywords: Targeted immunomodulation, Autoimmune diseases, Biologic therapy, Cytokine inhibitors, Immune tolerance

CITE AS: Mpora Kakwanzi Evelyn (2025). Balancing the Immune Compass: Advances in Targeted Immunomodulators for Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. IAA Journal of Biological Sciences 13(2):1-5. https://doi.org/10.59298/IAAJB/2025/1321500